HUMAN BRAIN - Lecture 1 (PART-2)- Description

Different structures in the brain:

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Limbic system
4. Brain stem

1. Cerebrum:
The cerebrum or Cereral cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and parietal lobe.

Description:

Each bump on the surface of the brain is known as a gyrus, while each groove is known as a sulcus.

1.     Frontal Lobe - Front part of the brain; involved in planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality and a variety of "higher cognitive functions" including behavior and emotions.
its functions are summarized as:

a. Voluntary movements
b. Short term memory
c. Expressive language

2.     Occipital Lobe - Region in the back of the brain which processes visual information. Not only is the occipital lobe mainly responsible for visual reception, it also contains association areas that help in the visual recognition of shapes and colors. Damage to this lobe can cause visual deficits.

3.     Temporal Lobe - Its functions include:

a. Hearing
b. smell
c. Long term memory

4.     Parietal Lobe - One of the two parietal lobes of the brain located behind the frontal lobe at the top of the brain.

-          Parietal Lobe, Right - Damage to this area can cause visuo-spatial deficits (e.g., the patient may have difficulty finding their way around new, or even familiar, places).

-          Parietal Lobe, Left - Damage to this area may disrupt a patient's ability to understand spoken and/or written language.

Overall functions of parietal lobe are summarized as follows:

a. controls sensation (pain, touch, pressure).
b. comprehension of speech and reading
c. producing writings and calculations

HUMAN BRAIN - Lecture 1 (PART-1)- Diagrams

Anatomy of a typical Human Cell

DESCRIPTION FOR ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL HUMAN CELL

cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.
cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that  is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.
lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.
nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth takes the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

Pathology Course Outline --- 3rd Prof.

COURSE OUTLINE FOR ANATOMY (WRITTEN) - FIRST PROFESSIONAL- 50 Marks

Weekly Anatomy/ Pathology Classes Schedule

Recommended Books for Anatomy